Tuesday, December 31, 2019
My New Patient - Original Writing Essay - 2016 Words
My new patient, a sprightly five-year-old named May, is a determined kid. Just moments after our first introduction, she had bee-lined for the train-track carpet in the corner of my clinic, skidding across its surface and collapsing near the toy chest that sat against the back wall. Her mother chuckled alongside me. May furrowed her brow, digging furiously through the chest until her eyes lit up. ââ¬Å"Bam!â⬠Her tiny arm shot through the air, lifting a Transformers toy like a beacon high above her head. Sitting down, she happily arranged a battalion of trains and dinosaurs for herself, hurling pink toys away as she focused on her mission. Her mother pursed her lips. ââ¬Å"See, thatââ¬â¢s the problem, doctor.â⬠Taking a deep breath, Mayââ¬â¢s mother began to tell me her story. Four years ago, she and her husband had adopted May from an Ethiopian orphanage, but soon after their return, her husband passed away. She had been doing her best to raise their daughter alone , but her situation grew complicated a few months ago, when May began to affirm that she was a boy, and that she wanted to become one. Accordingly, I explain to the mother that May was potentially experiencing gender dysphoria, a condition wherein an individual persistently feels that their psychological identification as male or femaleââ¬â¢their genderââ¬â¢does not align with or is opposite to their natal sex. (Vilain, Lecture XV) ââ¬Å"Left untreated, she could become seriously distressed,â⬠I added. Flustered, her mother told me that May didShow MoreRelatedPaper1748 Words à |à 7 PagesDr. Younkuk Chois ECM Eyes Current Medical News Commentaries - Viewpoints from an Eight-Constitution Medicine Clinician - Ãâ¢Å"ì Ëì⠬ ì µÅ"ìâ" °Ãª µ ì Ë ECM Eyes ì µÅ"ì⹠ì ËÃâ¢â¢Ã«â° ´Ã¬Å ¤Ã⢠´Ã¬â ¤ - 8ì ² ´Ã¬ §ËìžâìÆ' ì Ëì⠬ì Ë Ã¬â¢Ëë ª © - Preface Around April of 2015, while I was preparing for the 50th anniversary of the introduction of eight-constitution medicine (ECM) and ECM academic seminar, I planned on making the Teacherââ¬â¢s Day event in May and ECM Day event in October, which I had previously attended with some colleagues, open to other interested fellowRead MoreI Never Considered Myself A Bad Writer1021 Words à |à 5 Pagesprompt and filling in the requirements for an essay and getting a good grade. It was as though in high school my writing barely scratched the surface of the topic that was assigned. I looked at the text and took it only at face value, not considering deeper motivations and meanings behind the work. In the AP English Language and Composition class I took in my senior year of high school, my teacher told us how difficult and menacing college essays would prove to be. As and Bs would be incrediblyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Anatomy Of The Medial Knee Essay828 Words à |à 4 Pagesand di ssatisfied with FoxNews.comââ¬â¢s portrayal of my work. First, the article did a good job of publicizing (sensationalizing) my work by using the words discovery, discover and discovered several times throughout the article. This type of promotion (although a misrepresentation) generated a lot of attention and interest in my research, which encouraged scientific dialogue and research of the knee ALL. Moreover, this information could benefit patients, orthopedic practitioners, other researchers andRead MoreThe Benefits Of The Hippocratic Oath712 Words à |à 3 PagesThe Hippocratic Oath originated from part of a collection of writings known as the Hippocratic corpus. The Oath was approximately written around 2500 ago and a modified version is still being used by medical graduates in various countries. There has been ongoing discussion about whether the Oath is still relevant in todayââ¬â¢s times or if it should be discontinued. In my opinion, although the oath isnââ¬â¢t en tirely harmful, it has certain aspects that are detrimental to the physicianââ¬â¢s and patientââ¬â¢s wellbeingRead More13.1 Grammar Essay1318 Words à |à 6 Pagesknows the sewing technique called Seminole patchwork. 7. Dont throw that soda can in the trash. Recycle them! Dont throw that soda can in the trash; recycle them. 8. My West Indian neighbor has lived in New England for years, nevertheless, she always feels betrayed by the winter. Because my West Indian neighbor has lived in New England for years, she always feels betrayed by the winter. 9. The hope diamond in the Smithsonian Institution is impressive. In fact, it looks even larger. The hope diamondRead MoreNew Vr Project Essay716 Words à |à 3 Pagesfinally get to work on the new VR project. Apparently the government has been developing a new technology for interrogation. The details are fuzzy but I think we will be torturing the patients by killing the in virtual reality but they have pain receptors on so it feels like they are actually dying. The only way to escape the torture is complete 5 challenges and you will be left Scott-free without any consequences (from what I heard that is almost impossible). My brand new job is to write how eachRead MoreHow Technology Has Affected Me As An Individual1482 Words à |à 6 Pagesvery deterring aspect in my life. It has affected me as an individual, as a team member and also as an emerging health professional. However, during my participation in this course I have come to understand that it is important to make myself better, and that will resonate in other aspects of my life. My journey started when I decided to se lect this course. Of course I just picked it on a whim because the title indicated complex communication, just to try breaking out of my shell, and becoming moreRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Wild `` By Dr. Parlett1491 Words à |à 6 Pagessome may argue strays from the original psychoanalytic method. Interpretation is crucial in the application process of psychoanalysis. The client discloses in the session, and it is then the therapistââ¬â¢s responsibility to analyze the information. Dr. Parlett emphasized the art of interpretation and how it must focus on the clientââ¬â¢s unconscious behavior. It is one thing to come up with an explanation, but to reveal behaviors that the patient was once unaware of reaches a new level interpretation. EdwardRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Reflections On My Journey Till Mid Semester1584 Words à |à 7 PagesCritical Analysis of the Reflections on My Journey till Mid Semester Reclusiveness has been a very deterring aspect in my life. It has affected me as a person, as a team member and as an emerging health professional. However, during my participation in this course I have come to understand that it is important to make myself better, and this will resonate with other aspects of my life. My journey started when I decided to select this course. Of course, I just picked it on a whim because theRead MoreThe Irony in ââ¬Å"Bariatric Surgery: the Unspoken Truthâ⬠Essay1074 Words à |à 5 Pagesit does and how the different lifestyles of the patients change drastically in order to support their new body. Escudero mentions how before reaching a decision there should be research conducted in order to determine whether the operation is right for the individual whose life is at risk. He begins with a background check of what the surgery does and then incorporates positive and negative feedback from the surgery. Escuderoââ¬â¢s intentions for writing this paper are difficult to understand. It seems
Monday, December 23, 2019
Free Trade Is Beneficial And Grows Economies Due By The...
Free trade is beneficial and grows economies due to the theory of Comparative advantage. This theory states that countries should specialize and produce the goods and services in which they are most efficient. This converts a theory in which people see free trade as zero sum game into a positive sum game in which all gain. David Ricardo was the first most to come out with the theory of comparative advantage and he did so almost 200 years ago. His theory was the basis for latter theories to come and it was based on the fact that countries should specialize in goods, which they are the best in producing and his model only accounted for labor as a factor of production (Feenstra, 2011). The Ricardian models basis is that instead of factor endowments trade is affected by the growth in technology and it says a country has a comparative advantage in producing a good when the countryââ¬â¢s opportunity cost of producing the good is lower than the opportunity cost of producing the good in a nother county. This pattern of trade between countries is determined by comparative advantage. This means that even countries with poor technologies can export the goods in which they have a comparative advantage (Feenstra, 2011). This is good in the sense because countries that are less developed have a chance to export products that they are good at and boost the economy and GDP. They do not have to compete and make products in which they have poor technologies; these countries can simply import thoseShow MoreRelatedThe Economic Aspects Associated With Globalization1467 Words à |à 6 Pages Quoted by the Financial Times as the ââ¬Å"integration of economies, industries, markets, cultures and policy-making around the worldâ⬠, globalisation has thrived in recent years owing to developments in communication, transportation and trade, accompanied by the enhancement and increased use of information technology. Whilst at first glance this could be regarded as beneficial, it has nonetheless provoked a number of high profile and often violent protests of late. Notably the biggest anti-globalisationRead MoreThe Trade Of International Trade1538 Words à |à 7 PagesInternational trade is the exchange of capital, goods in general, and services across other countries or territory provided if the government impose free trade. (Grosse; Behrman, 1992) Free trade means that the government do not intervene on what its citizen can buy, produce or sell internationally. International trade first began in a barter system which is followed by mercantilism in the early 16th and 17th c entury weââ¬â¢re mercantilism trade is practiced and this is what nation nowadays still viewRead MoreClassical And Neo Classical Trade Theories1940 Words à |à 8 Pagesand neo classical trade theories and apply them to Bangladesh and the United States. I believe these two nations to be vastly different in many aspects including trading and power. With a current trading relationship between the two nations, it is possible to compare. This research will allow me to see the impact free trade has on developed and undeveloped nations. There are potential barriers to trading such as cultural difference and languages that often cause breakdowns in trades. However, internationalRead MoreDemand and Supply Commentary Summary of the Article The article is talking about demand and2400 Words à |à 10 Pagesunable to increase production on the organic foods because too many are too skeptical to switch or buying more land is too expensive. To recapitulate the farmers cannot survive with the current prices on foods. Application of Economic Concepts and Theory The relevant economic concept with this article would be demand and supply. Demand and supply relates to this article for the following reasons. The farmers are unable to afford the organic foods for their cattle because as the demand for the organicRead MoreInternational Trade Theory8325 Words à |à 34 PagesInternational Trade Theory Chapter Outline OPENING CASE: The Ecuadorian Rose Industry INTRODUCTION AN OVERVIEW OF TRADE THEORY The Benefits of Trade The Pattern of International Trade Trade Theory and Government Policy MERCANTILISM Country Focus: Is China a Neo-Mercantilist Nation? ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE The Gains from Trade Qualifications and Assumptions Extensions of the Ricardian Model Country Focus: Moving U.S. WhiteRead MoreUnderstanding International Trade Essay2213 Words à |à 9 Pagesinternational trade to be more specific certainly plays a major role, among the relationships that nations form. In addition, it has a huge political and economic impact, on those decisions that governments chose to engage in, for the betterment of their citizens and country. Money makes the world go round. Alternatively, as the famous ABBA song goes, Money, Money, Money, must be funny in a rich mans world. That is precisely what international trade, but in particular free trade that all nationsRead MoreIndus Valley Civilization Seals Found In Mesopotamia, Suggest1444 Words à |à 6 Pagesfound in Mesopotamia, suggest the existence of trade among ancient valley civilizations. There are evidences that the Harappans acquired raw materials from great distances that perhaps suggest very first signs of international trade. Centuries have passed by, but an ideal trade system t o truly benefit everyone is not yet developed. During the colonial era, the European countries exploited labor and resources from the colonies while propagating global trade. Post the World War II, the developed nationsRead MoreFor or Against Free Trade2391 Words à |à 10 PagesThe argument has been made that free trade is the path that should and will be taken to improve the world economy for all. Through it States will be able to better allocate resources, labor, and goods. This sentiment, however, is not shared my all. A major opponent of free trade is Ian Fletcher. His argument against free trade is sound, however through other readings, especially Moonhawk Kimââ¬â¢s on the GATT/WTO, it can be seen that the theory of free trade is still evolving at the international levelRead MoreInternational Economics : International Macroeconomics2056 Words à |à 9 Pagesnations cooperate through trade of goods and services, through movements of money and by investment based on the ide a that resources are less transportable internationally than goods. During the semester, we learned that a primary motivation behind a nationââ¬â¢s participation in international trade is the belief that resources are not circulated equally among all trading nations. International trade is the structure where upon American wealth rests. International trade is the structure upon whichRead MoreInternational Macroeconomics : International Trade2210 Words à |à 9 Pageshow nations cooperate through trade of goods and services, through movements of money and by investment based on the idea that resources are less transportable internationally than goods. During the semester, we learned that a primary motivation behind a nationââ¬â¢s participation in international trade is the belief that resources are not circulated equally among all trading nations. International trade is the foundation upon which American prosperity resides. Free trade policies have produced a level
Sunday, December 15, 2019
Sacsccsac Free Essays
Therefore, speed = length of the tape chosen Time interval for that length You are provided with a runway and a data-logging system with a motion sensor. Describe how you should use the apparatus to conduct an experiment to demonstrate the relationship between the net force and the acceleration of a trolley. You may use additional apparatus if necessary (5M) Adjust the runway for friction compensation (1 M) Pull a trolley down the runway using an elastic thread. We will write a custom essay sample on Sacsccsac or any similar topic only for you Order Now Keep the extension of the elastic thread constant all the way. M) Record the motion ot the trolley wit data-logging system and find the acceleration of the trolley. (1 M) Repeat by pulling he trolley with 2, 3 and 4 identical elastic threads, side by side and extended by the same length as before. (1 M) From the experiment, it is found that the acceleration of the trolley is directly proportional to and in the same direction of the net force. (1 M) It is not preferable to carry an excessive amount of goods on the bicycle when he is riding in the street, why? (3M) The larger the mass, the larger the inertia the bicycle has. 1 M) By newtonââ¬â¢s second law of motion, the deceleration of the bicycle would become smaller when John applies the brake. (1 M) As a result, the stopping distance ncreases (1 M) So the chance of having an accident is larger. In supermarkets, bottled drinks are usually stored in refrigerators with shelves inclined at an angle B with the horizontal. Explain why there is such an arrangement. Also state the minimum angle required to achieve the purpose above. Given mass of a bottle ââ¬ËMââ¬â¢, friction between a I-kg bottled drink and the inclined shelf is fââ¬â¢. 3M) If the bottled drinks are put on inclined shelves, they would slide down automatically when the first bottle is taken. It is more convenient for customers. (1 M) MgsinB f (f/M9 (1M) Therefore, the least inclination angle is sinA-1 ( f/Mg). In some parts of the world, it is common for people to shoot firearms straight up into the air during celebrations. Falling bullets pose a significant danger to bystanders. As a bullet falls, its velocity increases until it reaches a constant terminal velocity. Explain, in terms of forces acting on the bullet, why this happens. Also, assume the air resistance is bv , derive the terminal kinetic energy of the bullet. (5M) As the bullet falls, its downward weight and the upward air resistance (or friction) are acting on it (1 M) Firstly the bullet accelerates. The air resistance opposing the motion of the bullet increases with its velocity. (1 M) Finally, its weight is balanced by the air resistance at a certain velocity. (1 M) As the net force acting on the bullet is zero, the bullet will continue to fall at this constant velocity which is called terminal velocity. mg = bv) (1M) KE=O. 5mv?2 = 0. 5mA3 g,N2 /bA2 (1M) A basketball player Jumps up such that his height reaches a height of 3m. Using Newtonââ¬â¢s laws of motion, explain why the player can gain an initial speed to leave the ground vertically. (3M) The player exerts a force onto the ground when he is about to ump. (1 M) This results an equal normal reaction force from the ground according to Newtonââ¬â¢s 3rd law of motion. (1 M) As the normal reaction force is greater than the weight , the player will be forced to accelerate up according to Newtonââ¬â¢s 2nd law of motion. 1 M) Chapter 8 What is the advantage ot using the spannerââ¬Å¾3z to turn a screw* effort(force) required can be reduced. (2) The efficiency can be increased. X (3) The energy required can be reduced. X For (2) and (3), they are wrong as moment is not related to energy. (Force is perpendicular to the displacement, the work done should be zero. ) Chapter 9 There are two methods of raising the block from the ground to a certain height. (2M) Method 1 : Pulling the block up a inclined plane Method 2 : Lifting the block vertically upwards. Method 1 is better than method 2 in terms of forces as smaller force is needed to raise the block in method 1. (1 M) However, method 1 has a lower efficiency because some energy is lost in overcoming the friction between the block and the plane. (1 M) What are the functions of the counterweight in a lift system? (3M) To reduce the power required to raise the car (1 M) To reduce the load acting on the motor (1 M) To improve the efficiency of the lift (As less energy is lost to overcome the friction between the cable line and the drum) (1 M) Verify the conservation of mechanical energy. Given a simple pendulum, a protractor, a light gate, a ruler. (7M) Set up a simple pendulum, a protractor and a light gate. (1 M) Displace the bob and read the angle B between the string and the vertical from the protractor. (1 M) Start data-logging and release the bob. (1 M) Record the time t taken for the bob to pass through the light gate. Measure the diameter of the bob(this is the distance travelled by the bob while passing the light ate, which is very small so the instantaneous speed of the bob in the lowest position calculated is relatively accurate), and hence estimate the speed v of the bob at the lowest position. 1 M) Use a ruler to measure the length I of the pendulum. Apply the conservation of mechanical energy and calculate the speed v of the bob at the lowest position. (1 M) V = {square root (2gh)} , where h = I(1-cosB) (1 M) Conclusion, the two values of speed calculated is quite close so the law of conservation of energy is proved. How to cite Sacsccsac, Papers
Saturday, December 7, 2019
Genetics and Biochemistry of Anthocyanin
Question: Discuss about the Genetics and Biochemistry of Anthocyanin. Answer: Introduction: Apple is one of the most tree crops grown all over the world categorized in subfamily of Maloideae. This plant takes time to grow from the juvenile stage to a mature plant. This period is quite long for commercial farmers taking around four to eight years to fully develop and bear fruits. Growth and development of plant highly depend on a number of genetic factors. Different genes have different effects at various stages of apple plant life especially during floral stage. The context of the paper therefore discuss various genes with their effects during flowering time in an apple plant. It further explains how these genes control flowering process. Apple tree crops are grown from seeds but genetic sequence alteration through grafting can also be used to transfer genes from one specie to another controlling flowering. Apple plants are functionally diploids having diploid and sizable genome therefore easy to study. Flowering and bud formation is biological process involving formation of genes and gamete formation. The aim of the discuses presumable roles and effect of these genes during apple flowering. The analysis of the effects of the genes from different sources as bellow. The identification of flowering genes in apple plant involves the analysis of cases. The studies on the Arabidopsis simplifies the identification of the genes controlling flowering. The flowering genes obtained from various sources to aid the transition. Apple Malus sylvestris var.domestica AP1 (MdAp1) gene. The homologous QTL as well as the apple Floricaula according to the study were obtained and isolated from the cv Jonathan. The exploitation of identical gene sequence from the identical genetic box assisted in the isolation of MdMADS55 from granny Smith apple. There are several genes have effect to adaptation of apple in relation to the temperature and hot environmental conditions. According to the detection and putative candidate genes as discussed by Alix Allard, Macro C.A.M and others. The candidate detecting QTL genes in the outbreak and flowering time in apple plant. The study conducted in the multiparental population. Various apple in these hot temperature areas had their genes determined using the responsible full sib apple families. The quantitative trait locus technique was used by the genetic scientists to extract best linear models. According to the studies the various progenitors allele which were more favorable to warm climate were observed. The aim of the Alard et al. study was further to map the QTL bud phenology to the HR. The mapping of the genes is conducted through a multifamily and pedigree system of analysis. Various candidate genes related to the DAM genes and genotypes useful in flowering were studied. The genetic relationship between the genes and flowering has been revealed according to the analysis. LG7, LG6, LG9, LG10 and LG12 are the gene loci determined to assist with the flowering control in the apple plants in the warm areas. The loci mentioned are present after mounting DAM genes (AGL24, FT and FLC) on the A. thaliana. To vividly acquire various genes responsible for flowering control the localization of MdFT1 and MdFT2 on a linkage map. According to the analysis of molecular characterization of apple flowering locus by academicians Nobuhiro Koboda and Hiroshi Iwanami and others. This is done through Arabidopsis as already mentioned. The process of Arabidopsis in woody plants such as apple utilizes two pathway signal of transduction. The pathways are transmitted through Arabidopsis genes which contain FT family, s Arabidopsis Thaliana Centroradialis, (ACT) Brother of FT and TFL1 (BTF), Mother of FT and TFL1 (MTF) and the Twin Sister of Ft (TSF) as revealed in the reference. The process is justify the function of the mentioned in the Arabidopsis gene by binding the apple family genes using phosphatidylethanolamine. After the Arabidopsis process apple FT gene was identified as one the genes hindering floral development in plants controlling its early development. This happens to the inhibition nature of the gene to mutate to ft to ft1. The Arabidopsis techniques used also approve the influence of gene on horticultural flowering. To approve how this happens FT gene from a transgenic plant was induced to a flowering apple. After the induction of the genetic factors from the heterogeneous plant to the apple plant, several large flowers were observed. The FT gene from the heterogeneous plant replicated producing an orthodolog MdTFL1. The aim of this process is to investigate the effect of FT and FTL1 family to floral process in apple plants. Another technique used in the essay to identify the effect and role of genes in controlling flowering process in the apple plant is through the study of overexpression of MdFT1. This kind of expression happens on the endogenous genes. The endogenous genes play a role in the floral process of an apple plant. Genetic overexpression results into broad and open flowers indicating how various genes affect flowering in apple plant as further discussed in the subsequent section as follows. In the study carried out by Kotoda et al. it focused on identifying the genes that regulate flowering times in apple. The study used two flowering locus T (FT)-like genes of apple (Malus X domestica) Borkh.), MdFT1 alongside MdFT2. These two were isolated and subsequently isolated and then mapped in that order on separate linkage groups (LGs) with partial homoeology, LG 12 together with LG 4. It was recognized that the pattern of expression for MdFT1 and MdFT2 varied. The MdFT1 mainly got expressed in apical buds of a fruit-bearing shoots in the adult stage. It had little expression in the juvenile tissues. Conversely, MdFT2 mainly expressed in the reproductive organs (young fruits and flower fruits). It was also detected that the two genes had a potential of inducing early flowering. The reason for this was given that transgenic Arabidopsis expressed in MdFT1 or MdFT2 flowered early compared to wild-type plants. MdFT1 overexpression conferred precious flowering in apple alongside changed expression of endogenous genes like MdMADS12 thereby indicating that MdfT1 can function to promote flowering via the expression of endogamous genes. It was also clear that other genes potentially play essential role in regulating flowering in apple. Thus this study was significance to develop methods to shorten the juvenile period in a range of fruits trees such as apple. In the research paper done by Guitton et al., the sole purpose was to investigate genetic control of the biennial bearing in apple. It held that floral induction is strongly prevented by simultaneous fruiting resulting in a trend of irregular fruiting called biennial bearing. The authors investigated the biennial bearing in apple based on 114 flowering individuals. Genomic regions containing the floral integrator genes, meristem identity genes as well as gibberellin oxidase genes were co-located with QTLs. It was found out that flowering genes remained less probably to be responsible for biennial bearing compared to hormone-link genes. 6 From the study, new hypothesis for biennial bearing control emerged from QTL as well as gene co-locations. In the study conducted by Perini et al.7 the purpose was to choose the best genes to be utilized as reference genes for transcriptional examination of flowering as well as ripening stages of fruit apple. 7 Apple tree fruit aided the comparison of gene expression profiles from various tissues, cultivars as well as conditions to enable effective comprehension of gene expression alterations for significant silvicultural as well as nutritional traits. It was concluded that SAND, MDH, WD40, TMp1 and THFS remained the best reference genes to normalize accurately the relative transcript abundance based on RT-qPCR in a range of apple tissues. In the study conducted by Zhang et al.8 the authors sought out to understand the influence of GA3 alongside its inhibitor paclobutrazol on the formation of flowers, internal hormones as well as flowering-linked genes in the apple (Fuji). The Gibberellins is known to decrease rates of flowering but the mechanism through this effect takes place is unknown. 8 The investigators focused on gaining effective insight into gibberellins-regulated flowering. It was discovered that GA3 simulated vegetative growth as well as lagged floral induction. Significant GA3 spray affects endogenous hormones and all genes contents leading to reduction in a rise in GA content while ZR content declined at 44th day following full bloom (DAF) providing unfavorable factor for formation of flowers. The MdKO and MdGA20ox were repressed significantly by high GAS via negative feedback regulation of GA. GA also repressed MdSPLs while PAC, MdSOC1 and MdAP1 were promoted. It was recognized that DELLAS restrain the growth of the plant through the repression of downstream genes while the gibberellins enhance the growth by having DELLAS as their targets culminating in their degradation. In the study conducted by Alard et al. (2016), the authors sought to detect the QTLs as well as putative candidate genes taking part in the bud break as well as flowing time in multi-parental population of apple. The authors predicted that the homologous of primary flowering genes (FT) and AGL24 close to LG12 QTLs and LG9 while the dormancy Associated MADs-box (DAM) genes were close additional QTLs on LG15 and LG8. 9 It was, therefore, suggestive that the chilling perception mechanisms might be familiar among annual and perennial plants. Accordingly, progenitors that have favorable alleles based on trait as well as LG were recognized and hence might benefit new breeding mechanisms for the apple adaptation to temperature rise. Current Contribution From the five papers discussed and summarized, it is clear that the values of genetics in flowering regulation is significant. Both MdFT1 and MdFT2 have been shown to have the potential of inducing early flowering in apple. This is because transgenic Arabidopsis expressed in MdFT1 or MdFT2 flowered early compared to wild-type plants. MdFT1 overexpression provided precious flowering in apple alongside changed expression of endogenous genes like MdMADS12 thereby indicating that MdfT1 can function to promote flowering via the expression of endogamous genes. It is clear that other genes including WD40 and SAND potentially play essential role in regulating flowering in apple. The genes, therefore, can be manipulated to shorten the juvenile period in a range of fruits trees such as apple. Future From the above discussions, it is clear that much needs to be done to help understand the effects of genetics to flowering of plants. There is a need for a genome-broad selection models as a complementary approach to QTL examinations to undertake effective evaluation of the genetic value of individuals. The future studies should, therefore, focus on identification of particular best combination of three or two of these control genes to ensure sufficient normalization of the individual apple. The future investigations need to focus on gaining effective insight into gibberellins-regulated flowering to understand the mechanism used by gibberellins to reduce the flowering rates. There is a future need to advance the findings by Zhang et al.8 based on the report theory that DELLAS have the double role I their interactions with the transcription factors. It has been shown that DELLAS act both as activating or deactivating their targets. There is a need to recruit DELLAS by SPLs to promote the expression of AP1. This finding has provided a new insight into the interaction between SPLs and DELLA together with the how they take part in the regulation of flowering in apple in the future studies. The previous studies such as Perini et al.7 have recognized the significant role played by traditional housekeeping genes that are constitutive by the microarray data thereby giving potential references for gene expression in both reproductive and vegetative tissues alongside organs in apple. 10 The MDH, SAND and WD40 remains the most stable as well as suitable normalizes for all apple tissues expression. Limitations The limitation identified throughout the study is that even though Gibberellins is known to decrease rates of flowering, it is still unclear about the mechanism through this effect takes place. Even though the bud break timing has been studied by demonstrating a highly polygenic control of bud beak, it has not been closely related to the breeding context. This will help affirm whether many small effects of QTLs can contribute to the rise in the total variance explicated in previous study by Alard et al. (2016) as well as prediction robustness. This will be done through the summation of alleles effects alongside the genome so long as the marker density remains sufficiently high. References Sheldon CC, Rouse DT, Finnegan EJ, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES. The molecular basis of vernalization: the central role of FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2000 Mar 28;97(7):3753-8. Weeden NF, Wendel JF. Genetics of plant isozymes. InIsozymes in plant biology 1989 (pp. 46-72). Springer Netherlands. Holton TA, Cornish EC. Genetics and biochemistry of anthocyanin biosynthesis. The Plant Cell. 1995 Jul;7(7):1071. Ohta S, Katsuki T, Tanaka T, Hayashi T, Sato YI, Yamamoto T. Genetic variation in flowering cherries (Prunus subgenus Cerasus) characterized by SSR markers. Breeding science. 2005;55(4):415-24. Kotoda et al. Molecular Characterization of FLOWERING LOCUS T Like Genes of Apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) 2010 Febr 20. Guitton B, Kelner JJ, Velasco R, Gardiner SE, Chagne D, Costes E. Genetic control of biennial bearing in apple. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2011 Sep 30:err261 Perini P, Pasquali G, Margis-Pinheiro M, de Oliviera PR, Revers LF. Reference genes for transcriptional analysis of flowering and fruit ripening stages in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Molecular Breeding. 2014 Oct 1;34(3):829-42. Zhang S, Zhang D, Fan S, Du L, Shen Y, Xing L, Li Y, Ma J, Han M. Effect of exogenous GA 3 and its inhibitor paclobutrazol on floral formation, endogenous hormones, and flowering-associated genes in Fujiapple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2016 Jun 3. Allard A, Bink MC, Martinez S, Kelner JJ, Legave JM, Di Guardo M, Di Pierro EA, Laurens F, Van de Weg EW, Costes E. Detecting QTLs and putative candidate genes involved in budbreak and flowering time in an apple multiparental population. Journal of experimental botany. 2016 Apr 1;67(9):2875-88. Sung SK, Yu GH, An G. Characterization of MdMADS2, a Member of theSQUAMOSA Subfamily of Genes, in Apple. Plant Physiology. 1999 Aug 1;120(4):969-78.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)